The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC is a List of United States federal agencies under the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in Atlanta Georgia (U.S. state) It works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease prevention and control (especially infectious disease ), environmental health occupational safety and health health promotion Injury prevention and Health education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

History

Image:CDC HDR I.jpg Georgia (U.S. state) as seen from Emory University ] The CDC was founded in 1942 during World War II as the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities lt;/ref> Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation lt;/ref> The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control, sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.lt;/ref> The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top right) before adopting the title Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement using the insecticide DDT and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States.http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#mcwa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease. Atlanta, GA, 2004. Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering In CDCs initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed. In 1946 there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito. CDC leader Dr. Joseph Mountin continued to advocate for public health issues and to push for CDC to extend its responsibilities to many other Infectious disease In 1947 CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert Woodruff Chairman of the Board of the Coca-Cola Company Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control; it had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted disease when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957 Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960 to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established. Beth E. Meyerson, Fred A. Martich, and Gerald P. Naehr (2008). Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors (Research Triangle Park: American Social Health Association). It became the National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) effective July 1, 1967. The organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 24, 1970, and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980. An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992; however, Congress directed that the initialism CDCbe retained because of its name recognition.lt;/ref> CDC now operates under the Department of Health and Human Services umbrella. Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include Chronic (medical) Disability injury control, Occupational safety and health environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including Congenital disorder West Nile virus obesity Avian influenza Swine influenza and pandemic flu E. coli auto wrecks, and bioterrorism to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin In May 1994 the CDC admitted to have sent several biological warfare agents to Iraq from 1984 through 1989, including Botulinum toxin West Nile virus Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus."The eleventh plague: the politics of biological and chemical warfare" (p. 84-86) by http://www.leonardcole.com Leonard A. Cole] (1993) The CDC has one of the few Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4 laboratories in the country, as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russia

Budget and workforce

CDC’s 2008 budget was $8.8 billion. As of 2008, staff numbered ~15,000 (including 6,000 contractors and 840 Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations.Almost 40 percent of staff have a master’s degree; 25 percent have a Ph.D.; and 10 percent have medical degrees.CDC job titles also include engineer entomologist epidemiologist biologist physician veterinarian Behavioural sciences nurse medical technologist economist Public Health Advisor health communicator, toxicologist chemist computer scientist and statistician lt;/ref> In addition to the Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has 10 other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage, Alaska Cincinnati, Ohio Fort Collins, Colorado Hyattsville, Maryland Morgantown, West Virginia Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Research Triangle Park, North Carolina San Juan, Puerto Rico Spokane, Washington and Washington, D.C The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System the world’s largest, on-going telephone health survey system.lt;/ref> The CDC offers grants that help many organizations each year bring health, safety and awareness to surrounding communities throughout the entire United States. As a government-run department, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention awards over 85 percent of its annual budget through these grants to accomplish its ultimate goal of disease control and quality health for all.lt;/ref>

Directors

At present, the President of the United States appoints the director. The appointment is automatic and does not require approval by the United States Senate The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time.http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/15/AR2009051500295.html Wilgoren, Debbi and Shear, Michael D. "Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC." Washington Post.May 16, 2009].Etheridge, Elizabeth W. Sentinel for Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control.Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press 1992. ISBN 0520071077; Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E.; and McFarlane, Deborah R. The Politics of Public Health in the United States.M.E. Sharpe, 2005. ISBN 076561135X. Sixteen directors have served CDC or its predecessor agencies.http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/pastdirectors.htm "Past CDC Directors/Administrators." Office of Enterprise Communication. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. February 19, 2009]. Accessed 2009-05-19.http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/442.html#442.1 Records of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Administrative History. Accessed 2009-10-04. *L. L. Williams Doctor of Medicine (1942–1943) *Mark D. Hollis Doctor of Science (1944–1946) *Raymond A. Vonderlehr MD (1947–1951) *Justin M. Andrews ScD (1952–1953) *Theodore J. Bauer MD (1953–1956) *Robert J. Anderson (physician) MD, Master of Public Health (1956–1960) *Clarence A. Smith MD, MPH (1960–1962) *James L. Goddard MD, MPH (1962–1966) *David J. Sencer MD, MPH (1966–1977) *William H. Foege MD, MPH (1977–1983) *James O. Mason MD, MPH (1983–1989) *William L. Roper MD, MPH (1990–1993) *David Satcher MD, Doctor of Philosophy (1993–1998) *Jeffrey P. Koplan MD, MPH (1998–2002) *Julie Gerberding MD, MPH (2002–2008) *Tom Frieden MD, MPH (2009–present)

Organizational restructuring

On April 21, 2005 then-director of CDC, Dr. Julie Gerberding formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".lt;/ref> The four Coordinating Centers—established under the Presidency of George W. Bush and Gerberding—"diminished the influence of national centers under their] umbrella" and were ordered cut under the Presidency of Barack Obama and Frieden in 2009.http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/08/new-chief-order.html New Chief Orders CDC to Cut Management Layers]

Foundation

The http://www.cdcfoundation.org/ CDC Foundation] operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals.

Data and survey systems

* CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.lt;/ref> * Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System lt;/ref> * Mortality Medical Data System lt;/ref>

Publications and film

* Comprehensive list of publications and productslt;/ref> * State of CDC reportlt;/ref> * CDC Programs in Brieflt;/ref> * Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report lt;ref>lt;/ref> * Emerging Infectious Diseases Journallt;/ref> The CDC campus in Atlanta houses facilities for the research of extremely dangerous biological agents.http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5425163/claims.html Multi-functional Coffins This setting was featured in the Dustin Hoffman film [[Outbreak (film)|Outbreak]] although the location depicted in the film was supposed to be the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases bio-research facility. The CDC figures prominently in the book "Ready to Go: The History and Contributions of U.S. Public Health Advisors" by B.E. Meyerson, F.A. Martich and G.P. Naehr (ASHA, 2008). The CDC labs figure prominently in the books "The Demon in the Freezer and "The Hot Zone by Richard Preston and "Virus Hunter" by C.J. Peters, former head of the Special Pathogens Branch at the CDC.The "Atlanta Plague center" which is in all likelihood a fictionalized version of the CDC appears in the Stephen King book The Stand

Diseases with which the CDC is involved:

Influenza

The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza including the swine flu (H1N1). The CDC has launched websites including flu.gov] to educate people.

Other infectious diseases

The CDCs website (see below) has information on other infectious diseases, including smallpox measles and much more.

Non-infectious disease

The CDC also combats non-infectious diseases, including obesity

See also

* World Health Organization (WHO) * Similar Agencies ** Centre for Health Protection (CHP) ** Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention lt;ref>lt;/ref> ** European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) ** Health Protection Agency (HPA) ** Institut de veille sanitaire (IVS) ** Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) ** Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) ** Robert Koch Institute Germany *Public Health Advisor *Epidemic Intelligence Service

References

External links

* http://www.cdc.gov The CDC Homepage] * http://www.cdc.gov/media/ CDC Online Newsroom] * http://www.cdc.gov/az.do CDC Health Topics A to Z] * http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/home.asp CDC Public Health Image Library] * http://www.cdc.gov/gcc/ CDC Global Communications Center] * http://www.labdesignnews.com/LaboratoryDesign/LD0605feat_3.asp CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoryAtlanta, Georgia] * http://thefederalregister.com/b.p/agency/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/ Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Meeting Notices and Rule Changes] from The Federal Register http://thefederalregister.com/rss/agency/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention/ RSS Feed] *http://openregs.com/agencies/view/151/centers_for_disease_control_and_prevention Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category:1942 establishments Category:Organizations established in 1992 Category:Organizations based in DeKalb County, Georgia Category:Medical research institutes Category:Public health organizations ar:مراكز مكافحة الأمراض واتقائها de:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention es:Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades fr:Centres de prévention et de contrôle des maladies ko:미국 질병통제예방센터 id:Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit it:Centri per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie he:המרכז לבקרת מחלות ומניעתן nl:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ja:アメリカ疾病予防管理センター no:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pl:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pt:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ru:Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США fi:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sv:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tr:ABD Hastalık Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezleri vi:Trung tâm kiểm soát và phòng ngừa dịch bệnh (Hoa Kỳ) zh:美国疾病控制与预防中心