SARS coronavirus

The SARS coronavirus sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).lt;/ref> On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York San Francisco Manila Hong Kong and Toronto On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia finished mapping the genetic sequence of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Dr. Marco Marra and worked in collaboration with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba using samples from infected patients in Toronto The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Dr. Donald Low of Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto) in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed."http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/04/12/sars_code030412.html B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code] - CBCNews, Canada, April 2003 The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.

SARS

SARS, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is the disease caused by SARS coronavirus. It causes a often severe illness marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain headache and fever followed in 2–10 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms,lt;/ref> mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.lt;/ref> In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS infection died.lt;/ref> The mortality rate was much higher for those over 50 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.

SARS Coronavirus biology

SARS coronavirus is a positive and single stranded RNA virus belonging to a family of enveloped coronaviruses. Its genome is about 29.7kb, which is one of the largest among RNA viruses. SARS is similar to other coronaviruses in that its genome expression starts with translation of two large ORFs 1a and 1b, which are two polyproteins. The SARS virus has 13 known genes and 14 known proteins. There are 265bp in the 5UTR and 342bp in the 3UTR. Coronaviruses usually express pp1a (the ORF1a polyprotein) and the PP1ab polyprotein with joins ORF1a and ORF1b. The polyproteins are then processed by enzymes that are encoded by ORF1a. Product proteins from the processing includes various replicative enzymes such as RNA dependent polymerase, RNA helicase, and proteinase. The replication complex in coronavirus is also responsible for the synthesis of various mRNAs downstream of ORF 1b, which are structural and accessory proteins. Two different proteins, 3CLpro and PL2pro, cleave the large polyproteins into 16 smaller subunits. SARS-Coronavirus follows the replication strategy typical of the Coronavirus genus.

SARS Coronavirus morphology

The morphology of the SARS coronavirus is characteristic of the coronavirus family as a whole. These viruses have large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections that form a corona around particles. The envelop of the virus contains lipid and appears to consist of a distinct pair of electron dense shells. The internal component of the shell is a single-stranded helical ribonucleoprotein. There are also long surface projections that protrude from the lipid envelop. The size of these particles are about 80–90 nm.

SARS Coronavirus evolution

SARS is most closely related to group 2 coronaviruses, but it does not segregate into any of the other three groups of coronaviruses. The closest outgroup to the coronaviruses are the toroviruses, with which it has homology in the ORF 1b replicase and the two viron proteins of S and M. SARS was determined to be an early split off from the group 2 coronaviruses based on a set of conserved domains that it shares with group 2. A main difference between group 2 coronovirus and SARS is the nsp3 replicase subunit encoded by ORF1a. SARS does not have a papain-like proteinase 1.

Engineering the SARS Coronavirus

Engineering of SARS virus has been done. In a paper published in 2006, a new transcription circuit was engineered to make recombinant SARS viruses. The recombination allowed for efficient expression of viral transcripts and proteins. The engineering of this transcription circuit reduces the RNA recombinant progeny viruses. The TRS (transcription regulatory sequences) circuit regulates efficient expression of SARS-CoV subgenomic mRNAs. The wild type TRS is ACGAAC. A double mutation results in TRS-1 (ACGGAT) and a triple mutation results in TRS-2 (CCGGAT). When the remodeled TRS circuit containing viruses are genetically recombined with wild type TRS circuits, the result is a circuit reduced in production of subgenomic mRNA. The goal of modifying the SARS virus with this approach is to produce chimeric progeny that have reduced viability due to the incompatibility of the WT and engineered TRS circuits.

See also

*Carlo Urbani *Progress of the SARS outbreak *Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Notes

References

* * Published online 1 May 2003; * Published online 1 May 2003; * * * *

External links

* http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus] * http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS/ The SARS virus genetic map] * http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/sars/ Sciencespecial on the SARS virus] (free content: no registration required) * http://web.archive.org/web/20050301194019/http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/resource/sars.htm McGill University SARS Resources] (From web archive) * http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home] Category:Severe acute respiratory syndrome Category:Nidovirales fr:SARS-CoV ko:사스 바이러스 nl:SARS-virus ja:SARSウイルス pl:Wirus SARS

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